Alliteration

The repetition of initial stressed, consonant sounds in a series of words within a phrase or verse line. Alliteration need not reuse all initial consonants; “pizza” and “place” alliterate.

Allusion

A brief, intentional reference to a historical, mythic, or literary person, place, event, or movement.

Anaphora

Often used in political speeches and occasionally in prose and poetry, anaphora is the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines to create a sonic effect.

Aphorism

A pithy, instructive statement or truism, like a maxim or adage.

Ars Poetica

A term meaning “the art of poetry,” an ars poetica poem expresses that poet's aims for poetry and/or that poet's theories about poetry.

Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds without repeating consonants; sometimes called vowel rhyme.

Aubade

A love poem or song welcoming or lamenting the arrival of the dawn.

Ballad

A popular narrative song passed down orally. In the English tradition, it usually follows a form of rhymed (ABCB) quatrains alternating four-stress and three-stress lines. Folk (or traditional) ballads are anonymous and recount tragic, comic, or heroic

Blank Verse

Unrhyming iambic pentameter, also called heroic verse.

Common Measure

A quatrain that rhymes ABAB and alternates four-stress and three-stress iambic lines. It is the meter of the hymn and the ballad.

Concrete or Pattern Poetry

Verse that emphasizes nonlinguistic elements in its meaning, such as a typeface that creates a visual image of the topic

Confessional

Vividly self-revelatory verse associated with a number of American poets writing in the 1950s and 1960s.

Consonance

A resemblance in sound between two words, or an initial rhyme.

Couplet

A pair of successive rhyming lines, usually of the same length.

Dramatic Monologue

A poem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent listener, usually not the reader.

Ekphrasis

“Description” in Greek. An ekphrastic poem is a vivid description of a scene or, more commonly, a work of art.

Elegy

In traditional English poetry, it is often a melancholy poem that laments its subject's death but ends in consolation.

Epigram

A pithy, often witty, poem.

Epigraph

A quotation from another literary work that is placed beneath the title at the beginning of a poem or section of a poem.

Epistle

A letter in verse, usually addressed to a person close to the writer.

Free Verse

Nonmetrical, nonrhyming lines that closely follow the natural rhythms of speech. A regular pattern of sound or rhythm may emerge in free-verse lines, but the poet does not adhere to a metrical plan in their composition.

Ghazal

(Pronounciation: “guzzle”) Originally an Arabic verse form dealing with loss and romantic love. Consisting of syntactically and grammatically complete couplets, the form also has an intricate rhyme scheme.

Haiku

A Japanese verse form of three unrhyming lines in five, seven, and five syllables.

Imagery

These poems are largely concerned with the use of strong and evocative images to create a highly visual, imaginative reading experience.

Imagist

An early 20th-century poetic movement that relied on the resonance of concrete images drawn in precise, colloquial language rather than traditional poetic diction and meter.

Metaphor

A comparison that is made without pointing out a similarity by using words such as “like,” “as,” or “than.”

Mixed

Poems with multiple different stanza forms.

Ode

A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. Its stanza forms vary.

Pantoum

A Malaysian verse form adapted by French poets and occasionally imitated in English. It comprises a series of quatrains, with the second and fourth lines of each quatrain repeated as the first and third lines of the next. The second and fourth lines of the final stanza repeat the first and third lines of the first stanza.

Pastoral

Poets writing in English drew on the pastoral tradition by retreating from the trappings of modernity to the imagined virtues and romance of rural life. Its themes persist in poems that romanticize rural life or reappraise the natural world.

Persona

A dramatic character, distinguished from the poet, who is the speaker of a poem.

Prose Poem

A prose composition that, while not broken into verse lines, demonstrates other traits such as symbols, metaphors, and other figures of speech common to poetry.

Quatrain

A four-line stanza, often with various rhyme schemes.

Refrain

A phrase or line repeated at intervals within a poem, especially at the end of a stanza.

Rhymed Stanza

The repetition of syllables, typically at the end of a verse line.

Series/Sequence

Sestina

A complex French verse form, usually unrhymed, consisting of six stanzas of six lines each and a three-line envoi. The end words of the first stanza are repeated in a different order as end words in each of the subsequent five stanzas; the closing envoi contains all six words, two per line, placed in the middle and at the end of the three lines.

Simile

A comparison (see Metaphor) made with “as,” “like,” or “than.”

Sonnet

A 14-line poem with a variable rhyme scheme. Literally a “little song,” the sonnet traditionally reflects upon a single sentiment, with a clarification or “turn” of thought in its concluding lines.

Syllabic

Poetry whose meter is determined by the total number of syllables per line, rather than the number of stresses.

Tercet

A poetic unit of three lines, rhymed or unrhymed.

Terza Rima

An Italian stanzaic form consisting of tercets with interwoven rhymes. A concluding couplet rhymes with the penultimate line of the last tercet.

Villanelle

A French verse form consisting of five three-line stanzas and a final quatrain, with the first and third lines of the first stanza repeating alternately in the following stanzas.